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In the leadup to next month’s COP29 climate summit in Baku, states must exert pressure on the Azerbaijani authorities to reverse their clampdown on civil society, release those detained solely for peacefully exercising their right to freedom of expression, and ensure participants including activists and journalists can engage freely and fully in the event, Amnesty International said today.
Since Azerbaijan was announced as the host of COP29 last December, the authorities have intensified their crackdown on the rights to freedom of expression, association and peaceful assembly. Independent civil society organizations have been closed and critics locked up under politically motivated charges, or forced into exile, in a haunting echo of previous crackdowns documented by Amnesty International around other major international events hosted by Azerbaijan, including Eurovision 2012 and the 2015 European Games.
“Azerbaijan is hosting an international conference on climate justice while actively undermining the main pillars of climate activism – repressing all forms of critical expression and protests and dismantling local civil society. The Azerbaijani authorities have locked up hundreds of people on politically motivated charges for daring to speak out. The list includes journalists, activists and human rights defenders critical of the government who remain in arbitrary detention, in violation of due process and with no guarantee of fair trials,” said Agnès Callamard, Amnesty International’s Secretary General.
“The authorities are also subjecting dissenters’ relatives to reprisals, while passing repressive laws to inhibit the work of NGOs and the media. The Azerbaijani government’s attempt to hide its abysmal human rights record behind a global climate summit is blatant greenwashing.”
Azerbaijan is hosting an international conference on climate justice while actively undermining the main pillars of climate activism – repressing all forms of critical expression and protests and dismantling local civil society.Agnès Callamard, Amnesty International’s Secretary General
Azerbaijani human rights defenders estimate that approximately 300 people remain in detention on politically motivated charges. These include human rights defenders, journalists, and environmental, political and other activists prosecuted under fabricated and/or politically motivated charges in retaliation for their criticism of the authorities. For example, prominent human rights defender and climate advocate Anar Mammadli has been in pre-trial detention since 30 April 2024 on bogus charges of conspiracy to bring illegal foreign currency into the country.
Economist and political activist Gubad Ibadoghlu was moved to house arrest on 22 April 2024 after 274 days in detention. Opposition figure Tofig Yagublu has been in pre-trail detention since 15 December 2023 on spurious fraud and forgery charges. Also among the detained are: Ulvi Hasanli, Ilhamiz Guliyev, Mahammad Kekelov, Sevinj Vagifgyzy, Elnara Gasimova, Nargiz Absalamova Hafiz Babali, Imran Aliyev, Shamo Eminov, Teymur Karimov, Arshad Ibrahimov, Ibrahim Humbatov, Alasgar Mammadli, Mushfig Jabbar, Akif Gubanov, Ruslan Izzatli, Ramil Babayev Ali Zeynalov, Afiaddin Mammadov and Bakhtiyar Hajiyev.
Threat of reprisals after COP29 spotlight fades
Amnesty International is concerned that any critics seeking to voice their dissent in the run-up to or during COP29 face the risk of severe reprisals, especially after the conference which runs from 11 to 22 November, when the country is no longer in the spotlight.
“We urge every delegation attending COP29 to press the Azerbaijani government to end its clampdown on civil society, guarantee the rights to freedom of expression, association and peaceful assembly throughout and beyond the conference, and take meaningful action to reverse the deterioration of human rights in the country. Delegates should take every opportunity to press Azerbaijan’s authorities to put a stop to the reprisals against human rights defenders, activists, journalists and government critics and immediately release all those arbitrarily imprisoned in retaliation for their human rights work and dissenting views,” said Agnès Callamard.
Amnesty International will continue monitoring the Azerbaijani authorities’ policing of protests as well as their treatment of, and any reprisals against, environmental activists and human rights defenders before, during and after COP29.
Concerns for the safety of participants are heightened by the lack of human rights protections and transparency around previous Host Country Agreements (HCAs). The COP29 HCA should include such protections and be made public swiftly after signing.
“It is of grave concern that the Host Country Agreement has yet to be made available, leaving participants unaware if the UNFCCC Secretariat obtained a guarantee that all fundamental human rights principles, including transparency and freedom of expression, association and peaceful assembly, will be protected during COP29. The agreement must be published immediately, as this opacity creates a chilling effect on observer participation. These protections are essential to ensure there is no repeat of the dire situation during last year’s summit, when the UAE authorities started prosecuting dozens of dissidents, including human rights defenders and prisoners of conscience, in mass sham trials that showed breathtaking contempt for human rights,” said Agnès Callamard.
The Azerbaijani authorities have locked up hundreds of people on politically motivated charges for daring to speak out.Agnès Callamard
Amnesty International has documented how previous COP climate summits, including those in Poland, Spain, the United Kingdom, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates, have involved restrictions on the rights to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly. Amnesty International has also recorded severe violations of these and other rights in Azerbaijan, raising concerns about the safety and security of participants at this year’s COP.
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“Unless the Azerbaijani authorities drastically change their repressive approach, civil society organizations, independent media and activists will not be able to freely express their critical views or participate in a meaningful and effective manner at COP29. This would seriously undermine the process and taint the outcome of the conference. To achieve a truly effective impact, it must be a forum for the free exchange of views and ideas – not just those of state delegates but also the independent civic actors who are the driving force for climate justice and human rights, both locally and internationally,” said Agnès Callamard.
Background:
The Azerbaijani authorities have faced international criticism for their alleged torture and other ill-treatment of some government critics. In some cases, individuals suffering from worsening health in prison are denied access to adequate health care. In addition, relatives and family members of government critics have also been targeted, either by smear campaigns or by the freezing of their assets through financial sanctions.
Azerbaijan has also adopted restrictive laws excessively regulating the work of media and NGOs in recent years, while peaceful protests have been severely restricted for over a decade.
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Related results were observed in a study administering 1.000 mg testosterone undecanoate every three months (227).
Yet one other study, administering 1.000 mg testosterone
undecanoate every 10–14 weeks (titrated to testosterone levels) for
two years, reported a clitoral length of 2.zero, three.2, 3.3, three.6, and three.8 cm at baseline, 3, 6, 12 and 24
months of therapy (228). Clitoral measurement was unaffected by a lower dosage of 25 mg testosterone enanthate
weekly for 24 weeks in hysterectomized ladies (224).
Thus, in distinction with dysphonia and hirsutism, there
seems to be the next threshold of androgenic motion required for this facet impact to occur.
Elevated Lp(a) ranges are thought of a longtime
causal risk issue for CVD (140). In a double-blind trial, nandrolone decanoate (200 mg weekly) for 8 weeks decreased
Lp(a) compared with baseline, however not in contrast with placebo,
in a bunch of bodybuilders (124). In the same publication, a
second nonblinded trial is described in which AAS users self-administer their own cycle.
Herein, Lp(a) plummeted (-83%) compared with baseline after eight weeks,
with partial return to baseline 6 weeks after cessation of
AAS use. Lastly, within the HAARLEM examine Lp(a)
decreased by nearly 50% on the end of an AAS cycle and returned to baseline three
months after cessation of use (46). Regardless, the profit of therapeutically decreased Lp(a) on CVD threat remains unclear (142) and would possibly solely be potentially helpful for those with
elevated Lp(a) levels that correlate with increased CVD threat, which encompasses 15–20% of the population (143).
Nevertheless, for those with prolonged or heavy steroid use, recovery might be extra complicated and require medical assistance.
Short-term use or decrease doses of steroids might have less
severe impacts on fertility. However, even short-term use can disrupt the menstrual cycle and ovulation, resulting in momentary infertility.
The extent of the impact varies from person to person, relying on particular person health components and the particular steroids used.
Furthermore, Anavar use has been shown to extend ranges of intercourse hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), a protein that binds to intercourse hormones similar to testosterone and reduces their availability in the body.
This decrease in obtainable testosterone can further contribute to a decrease in sperm
count. It seems like increasingly more attention is being given to testosterone remedy and testosterone alternative.
Research report that round 7% of patients in search of
fertility evaluation will be on AAS [8]. This
narrative evaluation aims to summarize up-to-date evidence about abusive use of
AAS on male infertility and sexual dysfunction. The most relevant
manuscripts on the topic were searched on MEDLINE and Net of Science.
The searching technique used the terms “anabolic androgenic steroids” mixed with “male sexual perform,” “male sexual dysfunction” or “male infertility.” Total,
the state-of-art data was organized into 5 topics.
Given that nearly all of the body’s creatine is stored in skeletal muscle, a
rise in muscle mass increases the daily production of creatinine and can subsequently elevate serum creatinine
ranges without impacting GFR. The eGFR based
on serum creatinine ranges is subsequently an underestimate in muscular populations.
Alternatively, therapeutic phlebotomy may be considered for individuals who, towards better judgment, continue AAS use for extended periods of
time. Nevertheless, it stays to be decided whether or
Finaplix Conversion: What Not to Do therapeutic
phlebotomy affects clinical endpoints similar to MACE and VTE or solely
‘treats’ a laboratory abnormality.
Inequities and disparities in entry to fertility care services adversely
have an result on the poor, unmarried, uneducated, unemployed and different marginalized populations.
Ancillary drug use was common with only 5.2% of sufferers denying use of further drugs.
The most regularly reported ancillary medicine had been antiestrogens and sexual
enhancement medications (SEMs) (89.7% and 68%, respectively).
SEMs included phosphodiesterase inhibitors and dopamine agonists (e.g.,
Cabergoline). To describe self-reported medication patterns and fertility rates in a inhabitants of anabolic steroid (AS) customers.
Zits, alopecia and Decrease Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) attributable
to prostate enlargement are usually related to the sturdy androgenic 5DHT-effect.
Erectile dysfunction and libido loss may happen, especially after
discontinuation, when endogenous testosterone levels are normally low [13].
Leptin receptors have been recognized within the hypothalamus, in the anterior pituitary and within the
ovary [8]. In-vivo research performed in humans reported a light improvement of hypothalamic amenorrhea after remedy
with recombinant leptin [16]. Research carried out in physically active women observed lower
leptin ranges in all exercising groups compared to the sedentary one [11, 14];
in addition, lower leptin levels have been reported among amenorrheic in comparability with cycling exercising girls [17].
Additionally, many individuals used different medication concurrently with AAS, including compounds with the
potential to advertise hair loss, similar to thyroid hormone.
There is not any question that anabolic steroids carry therapeutic benefits for patients
with HIV, liver illness, renal failure, some malignancies, symptomatic hypogonadism,
and burns. However at present, the biggest downside with these agents is misuse.[34] Despite laws to
limit the empirical prescription and allotting of those
brokers, these medicines proceed to be misused by many people, especially athletes.
To study sperm parameters restoration and fertility
outcomes in men with azoospermia or extreme oligospermia brought on by anabolic steroid use who underwent a standardized remedy routine for spermatogenesis recovery.
The lifetime prevalence of AS abuse worldwide appears to be 1% to 5% in men, however it’s a
lot decrease in ladies (2). In addition, the high prevalence of concomitant
use of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, opioids, and different illicit medicine confounds the
attribution of the opposed results of AS abuse (2-4).
CrazyBulk additionally has a product called Testo-Max, designed to increase testosterone
ranges naturally. Nevertheless, fertility remedies
similar to in vitro fertilization (IVF) may be an option. For
instance, a kind of steroid called progesterone is typically prescribed to assist regulate the menstrual cycle.
However, it is essential to notice that while steroids
can be helpful in some instances, they will trigger many other issues and side effects.
If you’re on testosterone remedy and are sexually energetic, you will want to use condoms and
different contraception to forestall being pregnant.
There is a few proof that steroid use by women could
adversely affect egg high quality and, thus, fertility.
These substances may be taken orally, injected, or utilized topically and are commonly utilized by
athletes to spice up performance and improve physical appearance.
Current tendencies show a decline in world fertility rates particularly due to a decline in sperm focus and high quality [6].
The reason for this phenomenon stays elusive nevertheless, food plan, obesity, chronic ailments and environmental toxins have been implicated as potential causative components [6].
By suppressing the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, the AAS abuse affects endogenous testosterone production, fertility parameters and testicular dimension [7].
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