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Kisumu — As the snow and frost and ice and seemingly inhumane levels of cold continue to plague North America in the midst of their ‘arctic’ winter, here in Kenya we decided to cut some of our American and Canadian cousins some slack.
We invited many of them to head to Kisumu, on the shores of beautiful Lake Victoria, to take part in an important meeting of minds.
Over 200 scientists converged from 3-6 February for the Annual Meeting of the African Great Lakes Stakeholder Network. This unprecedented collaboration brings together freshwater experts, managers and policy makers.
Despite the thousands of kilometers, differences in climate and landscapes, the air miles and the jetlag, the North American and African freshwater researchers had far more in common than you might think. They shared expertise, data, and innovative approaches to tackle common challenges through a unique lens. By comparing and contrasting the two ecosystems, we hope to unlock solutions with far-reaching impact.
Shared searches for similar challenges can unlock solutions that benefit the world.
Despite some clear differences, freshwater lakes around the world can be surprisingly similar – in overall structure, whom they support, the issues that plague them, and possible solutions.
First there are some obvious differences.
The seven African Great Lakes are housed within ten countries in east and central Africa, whereas the five North American (or Laurentian) Great Lakes are housed between Canada and the United States. Both sets of lakes, however, support the lives and livelihoods of tens of millions of denizens who live in the immediate surrounding areas, but also tens of millions more who live further afield.
Growing pressures on precious freshwater resources must be addressed together.
This support can encompass immediate needs, such as drinking water and fish for sustenance, but also can support for livelihoods and recreational activities. Africa’s population is expected to double by 2050, putting increasingly intense pressure on the continent’s freshwater resources from growing industries, farms, and power needs.
Both sets of lakes are vital to the continents in which they live. Similarities continue when you consider what ails them. Concerns about the sustainability of fisheries; algal blooms; invasive species; microplastics.
The role and voices of local and Indigenous communities is another important concern. All of these questions and more affect water bodies on both continents, and across the world for that matter.
That’s why I was excited to see the continents’ greatest limnological minds – the scientists who study biological, chemical, and physical features of lakes and other bodies of fresh water – gather in person to hash out shared solutions for shared problems. Their ideas aren’t confined to academic journals. They will translate into tangible action, empowering communities to protect their precious water resources.
But I would love to see more.
Funding for bridge-building is money well spent.
This collaboration isn’t just about scientific breakthroughs; it’s about building bridges. We need more opportunities for North American and African scientists who work not only on freshwater issues but a whole host of environmental issues to meet in person and explore complementarities.
Why not more funding for African scientists to address the challenges in a harmonized manner through exchange visits and regular meetings with an action-oriented agenda, fostering trust and effective information exchange?
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Why not more support for emerging female scientists whose careers and the impact they make could be greatly enhanced with more opportunities to learn from their peers?
Why not strengthened links between African freshwater experts and their North American counterparts providing opportunities for collaboration on projects, plans and ideas for on-the-ground work?
Having worked in both continents myself, one thing has always struck me quite plainly: we are more similar than we are different. So, let’s not unnecessarily duplicate effort when we can build more bridges, and share what is already at our fingertips – solutions to shared environmental problems.
Kevin Obiero is a research scientist and Centre Director of Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Chair of Board of Directors of African Center for Aquatic Research and Education, and Board Member of IISD Experimental Lakes Area.
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Percentage of participants of the HAARLEM study that used one of the beneath mentioned androgens throughout one cycle of anabolic steroids (based on label information).
This indicates that potential users frequently seek the corporate and
recommendation of different customers. Thirty-two percent of topics took the initiative to begin out utilizing AAS totally by themselves and normally had carried out extensive research beforehand.
In addition, data derived from ten studies, investigating AAS
dependence, concluded that 32.5% of AAS customers developed, at
a while, a drug-dependence [4]. Making Use Of these data to the US inhabitants,
the prevalence of AAS customers is similar to that observed for different
diseases corresponding to Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection or type 1 diabetes [4].
After a tren cycle, we typically see low testosterone levels causing lethargy and diminished sexual
operate, as well as despair. These unwanted side effects can last
several weeks or months; therefore, why we suggest bodybuilders go for
aggressive PCT (post-cycle therapy). In our experience, these two anabolic steroids don’t trigger dihydrotestosterone levels
to rise to excessively high levels. Primo Steroid,
also known as Primobolan, has gained significant attention within the realm of sports and bodybuilding.
With its reputation for selling lean muscle mass, enhancing strength, and
improving endurance, it has turn out to be a sought-after substance among health fanatics.
The misuse of steroids for non-medical purposes,
particularly in greater doses and over prolonged durations,
can result in psychological and physiological dependence.
Steroids typically enchantment to individuals seeking fast and noticeable
physical changes, similar to increased muscle mass, power, and endurance.
The attract of those perceived benefits could be engaging, particularly in environments where bodily look and efficiency are highly valued.
Steroids, in a broad sense, discuss with a category of organic compounds characterized by a particular molecular construction. Untimely demise
may cause studies to underestimate the results of AAS in cross-sectional samples of getting older males,
because lifeless people would in fact have exited the obtainable research
population. By the late 1980’s, epidemiologic studies began to doc substantial charges
of AAS use among American boys and young males.
Lack of morning or evening erections, a gradual onset, progressive course, or
lengthy duration suggest an natural trigger. The mechanism mediating an AAS-induced improve in blood stress is
tough to evaluate, and most proof comes from in vitro and animal experiments.
In explicit, an association between testosterone therapy and prostate most cancers was rapidly drawn primarily based on animal experiments and limited case studies (81).
Notably, the ventral prostate of the rat grew to become the mannequin organ for androgenic exercise within the famend Hershberger androgen bioassay, which was developed in 1953 (82).
Whereas a severely flawed strategy, the bioassay remains in use right now, to some
extent, in the quest for selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) (83, 84).
Performance-enhancing steroids are medication which have both physical and mental side effects.
Extra hanging still is the booming self-medication with testosterone supplements.
Testosterone “boosters”—often natural or vitamin‑based products—represent a $3.7 billion world market projected to almost double by 2030.
This means there are 3 million users in the Usa, and epidemiologic studies counsel as a lot as 30 percent of long-term
AAS customers might develop habit, some with co-occurring body picture disorders.
Analysis in scientific trials and experiences in Olympic and skilled athletes have
proven that elevated T will increase lean muscle mass, power, and power.
The proof is so compelling that the Olympics and skilled
sports enforce bans on testosterone use because of the unfair benefit these AAS create.
These are far from the one roles of testosterone, but they’re the first ones that appeal to
bodybuilders and athletes to anabolic steroid use12.
If you might be on corticosteroid or anabolic steroid remedy, speak along
with your doctor concerning the risks versus benefits 5.
Healthcare professionals are well aware of the potential unwanted facet effects of those
medicines and customarily prescribe them provided that the
benefits outweigh the risks.
In addition, animal models indicate that anabolic steroids suppress the immune system, which might worsen infections 112.
The unwanted effects of anabolic steroid use can differ from person to person. Due to the androgenicity of
this steroid, although reasonable, the unwanted effects of Equipoise can embody
virilization in girls. Virilization symptoms can include body hair growth, a
deepening of the vocal chords and clitoral
enlargement. By supplementing with low doses, many ladies will have the power to avoid such
results, but particular person response will dictate the final end result.
Regardless of the explanation for incidence, if virilization symptoms begin to indicate use ought to be discontinued immediately.
If the symptoms are ignored and use continues, you could discover the signs set up a everlasting home becoming irreversible.
Nonetheless, as at all times, you should be open to experimenting with
different dosages and decreasing it if required – depending in your tolerance of side effects.
Preserving it as minimal as attainable is
the goal, and you need to use low doses
of something like Arimidex to decrease estrogen. Food
Regimen can be essential to promote a dry
physique on these cycles – excessive protein and good fat, low carbs, and ingesting loads of water.
One distinction many users notice is that NPP is slightly weaker in its actions,
including the good and unhealthy results. So often, there are fewer features and energy and decreased water weight and suppression.
Both women and men might feel strain to attain a
selected physique, leading them to resort to steroids as a shortcut to their desired appearance.
Anabolic steroids can lead to bodily and psychological
dependence, and people who misuse them might exhibit behaviors consistent with
habit. Though urine testing can detect latest AAS
use, people who have used AAS months or years earlier can’t
be recognized and excluded – and the inclusion of such individuals will result in an underestimate of effect sizes.
Such a historical past is well missed when evaluating males who are
older and never visibly athletic. First, as mentioned above, a majority of people with
a lifetime history of AAS use have yet to move center age,
and thus the long-term results of AAS may not have had
an opportunity to completely declare themselves.
Imagine, for instance, that widespread use of cigarettes began only in 1980,
and that a majority of all cigarette smokers in 2008 were
nonetheless beneath age forty five. In this scenario, one would possibly find scattered
case reviews of lung most cancers amongst cigarette people
who smoke, but the magnitude of the association between cigarettes and
lung cancer wouldn’t yet be appreciated.
By understanding these causes, we are able to develop efficient prevention strategies, supply help to these battling addiction, and promote a more healthy approach to health and
well-being. If you or someone you realize is battling steroid addiction,
do not forget that help is available, and restoration is feasible.
While environmental components play a major role in steroid dependancy, genetics and
biology additionally contribute to an individual’s susceptibility.
Sure genetic variations could make some individuals extra susceptible to growing addictive behaviors, together with steroid addiction. Steroid-induced
psychosis sometimes manifests as symptoms corresponding to hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren’t there), delusions (false beliefs), and disorganized thinking.
These signs could be distressing and disruptive to day
by day life, they usually could require medical intervention to handle successfully.
It’s important to note that these half-life
values are approximate and can range relying on particular
person metabolism and different factors.
References:
PedsElite