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At least 25 Namibians have been arrested in Brazil since 2016 for drug trafficking.
These include women who were allegedly offered up to N$40 000 to carry drugs into the south American country.
International relations executive director Penda Naanda says most of the apprehended suspects are women.
“Since 2016, the number of cases involving Namibian nationals arrested for drug trafficking in Brazil is around 25, most of whom are women,” he told The Namibian last week.
Naanda said this increase of drug mules might affect Namibia’s international status.
“We caution Namibians about drug trafficking, because it can lead to us losing our passport status of free visa access to Brazil and it will jeopardise our diplomatic relations,” he said.
Drug traffickers have for years used couriers to swallow drugs using condoms filled with capsules to evade airport security.
Last month, alleged Namibian drug mule Pauline Mbangula (30) was arrested at OR Tambo International Airport in South Africa, after more than 60 bullets of cocaine were discovered in her stomach.
Mbangula was travelling from Brazil.
Her case has brought the debate about how Namibian women are being lured into the drug underworld to the forefront.
In 2016, a 26-year-old Namibian woman was arrested in Brazil after allegedly being found in possession of cocaine worth N$2 million.
The woman, Mesia Antonius, was arrested at Sao Paulo International airport on 9 August.
OMERTÀ
Naanda cited the reluctance of many arrested Namibians to share personal information as a major obstacle to the embassy’s efforts.
“The challenge is that most of the Namibian drug traffickers are reluctant to give out information, as they fear that the information will reach their family members, who are not aware of their whereabouts,” he said.
“When the mission is informed about an arrest of a Namibian national, it has a duty to visit such a national in order to ensure that Namibians are treated fairly and that their rights are respected.
“It is also the duty of the ministry to inform the family members about the arrest of their loved ones, when such is reported to the ministry,” he said.
He said a new extradition or transfer of prisoners agreement between Namibia and Brazil is under consideration.
“Once finalised, the legal instrument could facilitate the extradition or transfer of offenders between the two countries. While the agreement would address diplomatic assistance to arrested nationals, it would not provide legal assistance,” he said.
MORE MONEY, MORE PROBLEMS
Former Namibian ambassador to Brazil Samuel Nuuyoma says most of the suspects are women being lured to smuggle drugs with promises of money.
“They approach girls and promise them a lot of money, N$40 000 to N$80 000, to collect a parcel and most of them, when they hear the amount, they do not even ask themselves questions,” he told The Namibian last week.
According to Nuuyoma, it is not only Namibian girls who face this problem, it is girls from all countries.
“The trick is the same. They are convincing the girls to go for trips and all costs will be paid,” he said.
Nuuyoma added: “I specifically was in touch with Namibians who were in this problem and I interviewed them and engaged with other countries.
“It involves a lot of males from the continent who are convincing these girls, especially those who are beautiful and intelligent,” he said.
COLLABORATION
Brazilian authorities say criminal activities involving Namibians remain low.
“The number of criminal cases involving Namibian nationals in Brazil remains relatively low, compared to other countries on the African continent. It is, however, important that both countries work together to enhance the legal framework for bilateral cooperation in this area, as a way to prevent the increase of illegal activities,” the Brazilian embassy said last week.
The Brazilian embassy said most arrests occur in major Brazilian international ports and airports with connections to the African continent, such as those located in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
According to the Brazilian ministry of justice, by December 2023, all five cases involving Namibian nationals in penitentiary custody were located in the state of São Paulo.
“As of December 2023, five Namibian nationals (3 women and 2 men) remained in detention in Brazilian penitentiary institutions in connection with criminal activities,” the embassy said, adding that bilateral agreements have been presented by Brazil, and are currently under assessment by the Namibian government.
The agreements include bilateral treaties for extradition, transference of persons in detention, cooperation in criminal matters, cooperation in civil matters and cooperation in police matters.
“The embassy of Brazil considers that these agreements would contribute to enhancing the bilateral cooperation in fighting criminal activities and providing better assistance to nationals of both countries in need of legal and judicial assistance,” the embassy said.
PAROLE
Namibian police spokesperson Kauna Shikwambi in 2019 said between 2016 and 2018, five Namibian women aged 30 to 33 were arrested for drug trafficking in Brazil.
According to Shikwambi, the five women were on parole at the time, serving community service in Brazil after completing part of their sentences.
The women were: Denize van Niekerk (arrested in 2016), Charmaine Vries (arrested in 2016) and Rauna Ngesheya (arrested in 2016), and arrested in 2018 are Mathilde Vaisako and Anzel Strauss.
“These women were all recruited in Windhoek to collect parcels of different commodities, such as Brazilian hair, shoes and clothing. On exiting Brazil, they were apprehended at the airport, charged and ultimately sentenced to five years’ imprisonment,” she said.
According to Shikwambi, in most cases, young women fall prey to drug dealers.
“We once again appeal to our young women to be vigilant and not to fall prey to drug dealers,” she said.
Namibian Police major general Anne-Marie Nainda, vying for Interpol vice president in Africa, says she aims to intensify traveller profiling and enhance international cooperation to combat drug trafficking involving Namibian women.
“It is for us to intensify our approach or profiling of any person that is moving in and out of Namibia and to share the necessary information with the destinations they are travelling to and coming from, that is why the issue of collaboration with other countries remains a priority in this context,” she says.
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UN EXPLAINER: CONDOMS AND DRUGS
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime explained how the drug trade works:
“Many victims of human trafficking are used to ferry drugs across international borders. Known as ‘drug mules’, the victims are made to swallow balloons containing illicit drugs and are then transported across borders. Once they have reached their destination, these balloons are retrieved from the victim’s body.
The balloons are made with multilayered condoms and are often force-fed to the victim. The traffickers use a special machine to open the condom and put drugs into it. On many occasions, the drug mules are first given a soup laced with drugs to numb their throats. The soup is very oily and makes the balloons slide down their throat. The victim’s mouth can also be sprayed with anesthesia, enabling them to swallow up to 120 balloons. A drug mule may be forced to swallow up to 1kg of illicit drugs and this painful procedure can lead to serious injuries in the throat.
During the journey, they are given medication to inhibit bowel movement. Once they have reached their destination, they are fed laxatives and the balloons pass through their bodies. This medically dangerous way of transporting drugs can lead, and has led, to the death of persons, if and when balloons rupture within the body. Stomach acids can sometimes cause the rupture of the balloons and death is very quick”.
– This article was produced by The Namibian’s investigative unit. Email us news tips from your secure email: investigations@namibian.com.na
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This is not going to solely help maintain a healthy weight but in addition help improve the quality of eggs and
sperm. Thirty-one men enrolled in the HAARLEM study were subjected to 3D echocardiography earlier than, at the end, and a median of 8 months after the
start of their self-administered AAS cycles (97). The potential
nature, complete evaluation and lengthy follow-up make the results of this trial
notably interesting. The findings were largely much like what had been seen in earlier methodologically weaker studies.
LVEF decreased by 5%-point and left atrium volume, LV mass,
posterior wall thickness and interventricular septum thickness have been elevated
at the end of the AAS cycle (Figure 6).
Once steroids are stopped, the body begins to get back on observe to producing
its personal hormones once more, but this restoration can take a while.
First, many of the included research were observational, which makes it difficult to ascertain causation definitively.
The AAS use was unregulated and unsupervised AAS use and subjects in some research resorted to polypharmacy.
These are not to be confused with corticosteroids, that
are prescription drugs commonly used to help reduce irritation and suppress
the immune system. (Again, “steroid” just refers to a compound with
a particular chemical construction.) Corticosteroids are used to
deal with quite so much of circumstances, like asthma, arthritis, eczema, lupus,
and multiple sclerosis, in addition to short-term infections that cause inflammation. A “steroid” is a kind of
compound with a selected chemical structure, together with many hormones, alkaloids,
and vitamins. “Anabolic” refers again to the process of increase
(muscle or bone), also recognized as biosynthesis.
The investigators in contrast the confirmed AS abusers with Danish controls who were matched for age and who had been living in Denmark.
Research individuals have been “followed”
through the Danish well being registry database for the 10-year interval before and the
interval after the positive AS take a look at. Fertility rates are maintained in a inhabitants
of AS customers and are relatively equal to age-matched historic controls.
This surprising discovering could additionally be related to the widespread use of washout intervals, adjunctive medicines
(SERMs, AIs), and incomplete suppression of
the HPG axis despite large doses of AS. The finding of maintained fertility is additional validated by modest
charges of infertility evaluations and/or remedy which also
parallel that seen in the common population.
Forty-seven out of forty nine men with azoospermia
or extreme oligospermia experienced a return of sperm to the ejaculate or important
improvement in SA parameters. Since that initial
investigation, the creator’s proposed remedy algorithm has been refined and streamlined [18].
It functions by penetrating the goal cell’s mobile membrane and binding to an intracytosolic molecule known as
the androgen receptor.
Sperm motility, or the flexibility of sperm to move efficiently, is important for fertilization. Anabolic steroids can impair
this motility, making sperm much less able to traveling by way of the feminine reproductive
tract to reach and fertilize an egg. Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) are sometimes
used by men for bodybuilding and to improve sports efficiency.
The use is not limited to professional aggressive athletes, but many amateur
males. Finasteride decreases male hormone (androgen) signalling
and this is recognized to focus on primarily the prostate gland and the scalp.
Nonetheless, it also acts in male reproductive tissues similar to testes
and seminal vesicles.
The infertility evaluation of a AAS client ought to embody a bodily examination, a seminal evaluation, a
examine of hormonal profile and genetic analysis.
A ignorance regarding the negative long-term results on fertility was
the primary issue related to regret of AAS use in males with anabolic-/steroid-induced hypogonadism [38].
A explicit attention must be paid to dietary
supplements called “without steroids”. We are
lead to the conclusion that the impact of steroids on male
fertility is not just a purely transitory state.
In brief, the best policy is to strongly discourage the use of steroids and,
for shoppers who persist of their abuse, to offer them an applicable ethics and scientific uro-andrologic assist.
The use of performance‐enhancing drugs (PEDs) to boost sports, efficiency and /or bodily look has progressively increased amongst younger and middle‐aged
men.
A wholesome way of life can improve the body’s natural hormone
manufacturing and increase the likelihood of profitable conception. Analysis into
the direct link between paternal anabolic steroid use and delivery defects in offspring is restricted.
The majority of research have centered on the consequences of maternal exposure to varied
substances throughout being pregnant. Her dedication to recovery returned her fertility and improved her high quality of life.
These results are evident in normalized blood parameters and within the induction of endogenous testosterone manufacturing.
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The amassed evidence exhibits that high doses of AAS may cause some people, albeit
a minority, to develop substantial character and mood changes, and to
show aggressiveness, violence, or criminal behavior that seems completely completely different
from their usual personalities. This effect doubtless has a biological foundation,
and apparently cannot be explained merely by premorbid psychopathology, sociocultural influences, or expectational
results. It is important that cessation of AAS use is routinely discussed with the patient.
These regular discussions must be non-judgmental and caring, very related to with smoking cessation.
The most-reported dosing was 6 mg/kg for ND, used in five titles (3, 19, 25, 36, 38).
As AAS have been reported to have a dose-dependent effect, standardization of dosing protocols must
be prioritized. For example, the Md dosing protocol of 0.5 mg/kg BW/day utilized by Mosler
and colleagues was based mostly on previously identified doses meant to simulate those
of an AAS-abusing athlete (27). Earlier survey research has
recognized over 18 generally used AAS compounds (29).
This suggests that there’s the potential of unknown results on gene expression in SM.
The majority of people who misuse steroids are male weight lifters of their 20s or 30s.
Athletes frequently use multiple sorts of AASs simultaneously (a apply called stacking).
They may use different routes of administration (oral, IM, or transdermal) concurrently.
Beginning from a small dose and increasing the dose progressively, and
tapering the dose of the identical AAS to zero is referred
to as pyramiding. Stacking and pyramiding are supposed to extend receptor binding and reduce adverse effects.
To avoid optimistic anti-doping checks, athletes might stop using long-lasting AASs and exchange
them with shorter-acting formulations (bridging).
Ahead quotation searches for included articles were executed in PubMed and
the recognized research have been assessed in opposition to
the evaluation inclusion criteria. This iterative process continued for all articles identified
through these steps. Due to the nature of the evidence base, with research more
likely to cover a broad range of matters and
to be published in all kinds of sources, these extra searches were anticipated
to be necessary to establish related literature.
Initially, titles and abstracts for all articles recognized were reviewed in opposition to the inclusion standards by one reviewer.
The full texts for all articles included at this stage had been retrieved and subjected to additional screening
in opposition to inclusion criteria. Whereas we’ve a higher understanding of the environmental influences and risk elements to be used
[17, 60–62], there are few strong findings to support the efficient prevention of AAS use.
Little progress has been made in answering the basic questions of how will we make AAS
much less enticing and how do we make these medicine much less accessible to those susceptible to initiating
use [63–66].
The dealing with editor declared a shared affiliation, although no different collaboration, with one of many authors, CP,
at time of evaluation. FS, MS, GD, GB, GM, BT,
DP, FM, PR, and CP contributed considerably to literature evaluation and
manuscript preparation. FS, GD, GB, FM, and CP helped perform the evaluation with constructive discussions.
The mechanisms involved in renal injured after AAS use/abuse can happen in a direct manner, after oral consumption,
or an indirect method, caused by elevated bile salts
in plasma (Van Slambrouck et al., 2013). In sufferers with HbA1c within the pre-diabetic
(42–47 mmol/mol)/diabetic vary (≥48 mmol/mol), the patient must be advised to discontinue HGH and testing
repeated.
Trestolone (22, Figure 5) and dimethandrolone (23, Determine 5) are experimental compounds present process medical testing as male contraceptives and in TRT for low
T levels [57,58]. As with unlawful medicine, a number
of the T derivatives had been developed clandestinely
as so-called “designer drugs”. These compounds have been chemically
modified so that they’re orally energetic and retain pharmacological exercise and could possibly be detected by standard anti-doping analytical checks only if monitored by the list of prohibited substances.
In distinction, cross-sectional analysis demonstrated impaired
CEC in AAS customers in contrast with age-matched, strength-trained nonusers and sedentary controls (139).
It is possible that the upper dosages used, use of varied AAS, or
completely different strategies used to measure CEC (which is
not standardized), may underlie these differences.
There does look like a disconnect between self-reporting of this aspect effect and visible examination by a doctor.
The drug can subsequently interact with the cell’s DNA and stimulate the protein synthesis process that
promotes cell growth. Testosterone is important for promoting and maintaining muscle growth and
growing secondary male sex traits, corresponding to
a deep voice and facial hair. Analysis on highschool athletes shows they’re less more likely
to misuse anabolic steroids if their friends and family disapprove.
Anabolic steroids are Schedule III substances underneath the Controlled Substances Act.
Subsequently, the objective of this research was to find out the provision and ease of buy for AAS, testosterone, and other non-AAS
therapies on the Web from the attitude of a typical client.
If you have ever questioned how your penis compares to others by method of size,
you aren’t alone. Many males are curious to know how their
penises stack up in comparability with the average.
Sadly, basic curiosity can typically give method to full-on obsession and
anxiety about penis size. This can be an unhealthy and infrequently
pointless fixation, particularly as a end result of most men who
suppose their penises are too small have perfectly normal-sized penises.
As an in-depth qualitative research with a small sample measurement, these
findings usually are not consultant of the broader population of anabolic steroid
users. Many individuals talked about the benefits of utilizing the minimal attainable dose of
anabolic steroids to achieve their body-enhancement objectives.
According to them, some folks be part of a ‘chemical race in opposition to themselves’ [P19] believing that muscle positive aspects might be indefinitely proportional to the amount of medicine they use.
This behaviour was thought of harmful and ineffective, leading in direction of a ‘saturation point’ [P17] the place marginal gains
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Anabolic steroids are generally abused by human athletes to build muscle
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